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Contents of this guide

In-text citations

Reference list

Book

Journal

Conference

Thesis

Unpublished work

Internet

Newspaper or magazine

Report

Personal communication

Other reference types

In-text

citations

Basic citation

format

Resources in the reference list should be cited using

superscripted digits. Superscripted citations should only

follow terminal punctuation (e.g., periods, commas, closed

quotation marks, question marks, exclamation points).

This phenomenon frequently occurs in nature.

Multiple

resources cited

When citing two resources in the same callout, separate

them with a comma. No space should appear between the

digits:

This phenomenon frequently occurs in nature, experts

agree.

3,4

When citing multiple resources that are not consecutively

numbered in the same callout, separate them with

commas. No space should appear between the digits:

Taylor & Francis American Medical Association (AMA) style

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This phenomenon frequently occurs in nature, experts

agree.

3,4,28

When citing a span of three or more resources that are

consecutively number in the same callout, include the first

and last digits and separate them with an en-dash. No

space should appear between digits:

This phenomenon frequently occurs in nature, experts

agree.

3,4,28,29–31

Citation with a

direct quotation

Citations should be positioned outside the quotation mark

that closes a passage in the running text that is drawn

directly from a resource. The number of the page on which

the quote is found should appear after the citation digit in

“(p#)” format:

One should live by the dictum, “Measure what is

measurable, and make measurable what is not.”

18(p119)

Longer quotations (over 40 words) should be set off in a

“block.” Citations appear after any punctuation that ends

block quotations, with a space separating the citation from

the punctuation:

… make measurable what is not.

18(p119)

Author names

The names of authors associated with a resource can be

included in the running text along with a numerical citation.

Wayne and Hartley

write …

The basic formats for citations with different numbers of

authors are as follows:

One author: Smith

Two authors: Smith and Jones

Three or more authors: Smith et al

The phrase “et al” should not be followed by a period.

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Tables and figures

Resources cited in tables or figure legends should follow the

standard format and must be included in the reference list.

Reference list

Order

The references should be numbered consecutively based on

the order of their first citation in the text. The first reference

cited is “1.,” the second “2.,” and so on, in sequence. The

digits should not be superscripted but should be followed by

periods. References should also not be repeated in the list.

The same resource, in other words, should not be given a

different number with each subsequent mention in the text

but should be cited on these later instances using the

number assigned to it in the reference list at its first

citation.

Example

This is the first citation of Green.

This is an intervening

citation by a different author.

This is a subsequent citation

of the same reference by Green.

References

23. Green ML. Journal article.

24. Blue KW, Red JR. Book Title.

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Form of author

name

For all authors, use initials, without periods or spaces

between them, in lieu of expanded given and middle names.

Include the authors’ surnames in full. The listing for each

author should be in inverted-order surname-first format.

Commas should separate individual author names. The word

“and” should not precede the final author name for reference

entries with six or fewer authors. If more than six

individuals authored a resource, the reference entry

documenting the resource should list the first six authors

followed by “et al.”

Up to Six Authors

Format: #. Author AZ, Author BY, Author CX

More Than Six Authors

Format: #. Author AZ, Author BY, Author CX, Author DW,

Author EV, Author FU, et al

***

If an organization is the author of a resource, the full name

of the organization can appear in the reference:

8. British Standards Institution.

***

If a resource has no author, the reference entry should

begin with the title of work:

12. Authorless Book Title.

Titles

The titles of book chapters and journal articles should

appear in Roman font with sentence style capitalization.

The titles of books, journals, reports, and papers should

appear in italics with headline style capitalization (i.e.,

capitalize first words of title and subtitle, as well as all

nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs,

regardless of length, and conjunctions and prepositions

longer than four letters). The titles of journals, moreover,

should be abbreviated in accordance with US National

Library of Medicine (NLM)/MEDLINE standards.

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Place of

publication and

publisher name

for books and

reports

Any initial “the” and concluding “Inc.”, “Ltd”, “Co.”,

“Publishing Co.”, etc. should be omitted from the

publisher name in the reference entry. The place of

publication should always include a state/province

abbreviation or country, even if the city is a familiar one.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

New York, NY: Macmillan

Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall

Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press

Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press

Issue numbers

and DOIs for

journals

The issue number can be omitted if the journal is paginated

consecutively through the volume (or if month or season is

included), but it is not incorrect to include it.

DOIs are standard elements of journal reference entries.

Authors, though, are not required to retrieve DOIs for

references.

In press

“In press” should be used in lieu of a publication year for

any in-press references.

Pagination

With page ranges, include all digits, even if the end page

number repeats the thousand and/or hundred digit(s)

found in the first page number.

[2] Nguyen FM, Anh LN. Title of journal article. Jrnl Title.

2012;1:1137–1178.

[3] Valesco B. Title of book chapter. In: Ricardo JA, ed.

Book Title. City, Stat Abbr: Publisher; 2015:623–654.

***

If an online journal employs e-location or a similar

identification system in lieu of pagination, the journal’s

method should be retained for the reference entry.

Book

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Information Classification: General

Book with

edition model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of Book. # ed.

City, State Abbr./Country: Publisher Name; yyyy.

Example

2. Reichman EF. Reichman’s Emergency Medicine

Procedures. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2013.

Book with titled

volume of

multivolume work

and edition

model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Volume Title. Vol. # of Title

of Multivolume Work. # ed. City, State Abbr./Country:

Publisher Name; yyyy.

Example (full work citation)

18. Bowlby J. Loss: Sadness and Depression. Vol. 3 of

Attachment and Loss. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Basic Books;

1982.

Book with

translator model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of Book. Translator A,

Translator B, trans. City, State Abbr./Country: Publisher

Name; yyyy.

Example

3. Pasteur L. Studies on Fermentation: The Diseases of

Beer, Their Causes, and the Means of Preventing Them.

Faulkner F, Robb DC, trans. London, UK: Macmillan;

1879.

Book with non-

English title

model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C, Author D. Book Title in

Original Language. City, State Abbr./Country: Publisher

Name; yyyy.

Example

6. Schulz-Stübner, S. Hygiene und Infektionsprävention.

Fragen und Antworten: Über 950 Fakten für Klinik und

Praxis. Berlin, Germany: Springer; 2011.

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Edited book

series, cited in

full, model

Format

#. Vol-Editor A, Vol-Editor B, Vol-Editor C, Vol-Editor D,

ed(s). Title of Book in Series. City, State Abbr./Country:

Publisher Name; yyyy. Ser-Editor A, ed. [optional] Title of

the Series; vol. # [optional].

Example

47. Roccaro AM, Ghobrial IM, eds. Plasma Cell

Dyscrasias. New York, NY: Springer; 2016. Rosen ST, ed.

Cancer Treatment and Research; vol. 169.

Chapter in edited

book with edition

model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C, Author D. Title of chapter.

In: Editor A, Editor B, ed(s). Title of Book. # ed. City, State

Abbr./Country: Publisher Name; yyyy:###–###.

Example

17. O’Brien KL, Ramakrishnan M, Finn A, Malley R.

Pneumococcus, pneumococcal disease, and prevention.

In: Bloom BR, Lambert P-H, eds. The Vaccine Book. 2nd

ed. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier; 2016:225–244.

Chapter in edited

book with volume

and edition

model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of chapter. In: Editor

A, Editor B, ed(s). Title of Multivolume Work. Vol. #. # ed.

City, State Abb./Country: Publisher Name; yyyy:###–###.

Example

13. Ribeiro Saldanha O, Dantas de Azevedo F,

Kuroyanagi FM, Silva de Freitas VC, Ribeiro Saldanha O

Filho, Bonetto Saldanha C, et al. Lipoabdominoplasty. In:

Nahai F, ed. The Art of Aesthetic Surgery: Principles &

Techniques. Vol. 3. 2nd ed. St Louis, MO: Quality Medical

Publishing; 2011:3027-3050.

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Chapter in edited

book with

translator model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of chapter. In:

Editor A, Editor B, ed(s). Translator A, Translator B,

trans. Title of Book. City, State Abbr./Country: Publisher

Name; yyyy:###–###.

Example

33. Itard J. The first developments of the young savage

of the Aveyron. In: Cousin F-R, Garrabé J, Morozov, D,

eds. Crisp J, trans. Anthology of French Language

Psychiatric Texts. Le Plessis-Robinson, France: Institut

Synthélabo pour le progrès de la connaissance;

1999:91–104.

Chapter in edited

book series

model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of chapter. In:

Editor Vol-Editor A, Vol-Editor B, Vol-Editor C, Vol-Editor

D, ed(s). Title of Book in Series. City, State

Abbr./Country: Publisher Name; yyyy:###–###. Ser-

Editor A, ed. [optional] Title of the Series; vol. #

[optional].

Example

47. Moschetta M, Kawano Y, Podar K. Targeting the bone

marrow microenvironment. In: Roccaro AM, Ghobrial,

eds. Plasma Cell Dycrasias. New York, NY: Springer;

2016:63–102. Rosen ST, ed. Cancer Treatment and

Research; vol. 169.

Journal

Journal article

model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of the article. Abbr

Jrnl Title. yyyy;##(##):####–####.

doi:##############. PMID: ########

[optional].

Example

12. Duffy J, Johnsen P, Ferris M, Miller M, Leighton K,

McGilvray M, et al. Safety of a meningococcal group B

vaccine used in response to two university outbreaks. J

Am Coll Health. 2017;65:380–388. doi:

10.1080/07448481.2017.1312418. PMID: 28362241.

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Online first

publication model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of the article

[published online ahead of print Month dd, yyyy]. Abbr

Jrnl Title. doi:##############. PMID:

######## [optional].

Example

8. Semmens S, Higgins E, Coyne P. A treatment for refractory

high ileostomy output [published online ahead of print

November 5, 2018]. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. doi:

10.1080/15360288.2018.1529011. PMID: 30395777.

Journal article

with e-location

model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of the article. Abbr

Jrnl Title. yyyy;##(##):####.

doi:##############. PMID: ########

[optional].

Example

14. Gupta R, Bollyky TJ, Cohen M, Ross JS, Kesselheim

AS. Affordability and availability of off-patent drugs in the

United States-the case for importing from abroad:

observational study. BMJ. 2018;360:k831. doi:

10.1136/bmj.k831. PMID: 29555641.

In-press journal

article model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of the article. Abbr

Jrnl Title. In press.

Example

78. Patel J, Lucas CJ, Margalit M, Martin JH. Laxative use

in inpatients on oxycodone/naloxone prolonged release

and oxycodone prolonged release for cancer and non-

cancer pain. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. In press.

Conference

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Serial

proceedings with

supplement

information

model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of the article. Abbr

Jrnl Title. yyyy;##(##) (suppl # [# optional]):####–

####. doi:##############. PMID: ########

[optional].

Example

25. Foster LM. Cuddy MM, Swanson DB, Holtzman KZ,

Hammoud MM, Wallach PM. Medical student use of

electronic and paper health records during inpatient

clinical clerkships: results of a national longitudinal

study. Acad Med. 2018;93(11)(suppl):S14–S20.

doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002376. PMID 30365425.

Non-serial

proceedings

model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C, Author D. Title of

paper/presentation. In: Editor A, Editor B, ed(s). Title of

the Proceedings. City, State Abbr./Country: Publisher

Name, yyyy:##–##.

Example

61. Rogers MF, Shihab HA, Ferlaino M, Gaunt TR,

Campbell C. Predicting the pathogenic impact of

sequence variation in the human genome. In: Randell R,

Cornet R, McCowan C, Peek N, Scott PJ, eds. Informatics

for Health: Connected Citizen-Led Wellness and

Population Health: Proceedings of Medical Informatics

Europe 2017 and the Farr Institute International

Conference 2017. Amsterdam, Netherlands: European

Federation for Medical Informatics and IOS Press,

2017:91–95.

Paper

presentation

model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of presentation. Paper

presented at: Conference Name; Month dd–dd, yyyy; City,

State Abbr./Country.

Example

32. Beltran J, Aguilera-Mendoza L, Brizuela C. Feature

weighting for antimicrobial peptides classification: a

multi-objective evolutionary approach. Paper presented

at: the 2017 IEEE International Conference on

Bioinformatics and Biomedicine; November 13–16, 2017;

Kansas City, MO.

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Poster model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of poster. Poster

presented at: Conference Name; Month dd–dd, yyyy; City,

State Abbr./Country.

Example

33. Shrestha M, Bhattarai B, Pusey M, Aygun R. Schema

matching and data integration on protein crystallization

screens. Poster presented at: the 2017 IEEE

International Conference on Bioinformatics and

Biomedicine; November 13–16, 2017; Kansas City, MO.

Thesis

Thesis model

Format

#. Author A. Title of Dissertation or Thesis [dissertation or

thesis type]. City, State Abbr./Country: Institution Name;

yyyy.

Example

26. Allison N. Bacterial Degradation of Halogenated Aliphatic

Acids [dissertation]. Nottingham, UK: Trent Polytechnic;

1981.

Internet

Webpage model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Online site or webpage title.

Website Operator. http://XXXXXX.XXX|https://XXXXXX.XXX.

Published|Updated Month ##, ####. Accessed Month ##,

####.

Example

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National

Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. How

is pandemic flu different from seasonal flu? Office of the

Associate Director for Communication, Digital Media

Branch, Division of Public Affairs.

https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-

resources/basics/about.html. Updated June 26, 2018.

Accessed October 3, 2018.

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Electronic

mailing list

Electronic mailing list/listserve resources should be cited

in the text, parenthetically, and should not be included in

the reference list:

Format

(Named Contact, degree [optional], Mailing List Name,

Month dd, yyyy).

Example

(Kieran Toffler, MD, MED listserve, April 4, 2010)

Blog

Format

#. Blogger A. Name of Blogpost. Blog Operator.

http://XXXXXX.XXX|https://XXXXXX.XXX.

Published|Updated Month ##, ####. Accessed Month

##, ####.

Example

12. Ross J. Is hand sanitizer better at preventing the flu

than soap and water? Harvard Health Publishing.

https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/is-hand-sanitizer-

better-at-preventing-the-flu-than-soap-and-water-

2018111315327. Published November 13, 2018.

Accessed November 15, 2018.

Newspaper or

magazine

Print publication

model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of article. Name of

Newspaper. Month dd, yyyy:##, ##

Example

34. McNeil DG. Money needed to develop vaccines, study

says. New York Times. September 11, 2018:D3.

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Online publication

model

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of article. Name of

Newspaper. Month dd, yyyy.

http://XXXXXX.XXX|https://XXXXXX.XXX. Accessed Month

dd, yyyy.

Example

35. McNeil DG. Vaccines against H.I.V., malaria and

tuberculosis unlikely, study says. New York Times.

September 7, 2018.

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/07/health/vaccines-

hiv-malaria-tuberculosis.html. Accessed November 14,

2018.

Report

Print model

(monograph)

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of Report or Paper.

City, State Abbr./Country: Publisher Name; yyyy.

######.

Example (full citation)

45. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of

Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Re-evaluation of Some

Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide.

Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on

Cancer; 1999. IARC Monographs 71.

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Online model

(brief technical

report)

Format

#. Author A, Author B, Author C. Title of report or paper.

http://XXXXXX.XXX|https://XXXXXX.XXX. Organization

Name report|paper #####. Published Month dd, yyyy.

Accessed Month dd, yyyy.

Example

81. Franklin JM, Rassen JA, Bartels DB, Schneeweiss S.

Prospective cohort studies of newly marketed

medications: using covariate data to inform the design of

large-scale studies. http://www.drugepi.org/wp-

content/uploads/2013/05/TRS-Paper-8-Complete.pdf.

Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and

Pharmacoeconomics technical report DOPE-008.

Published June 2013. Accessed November 1, 2018.

Personal

communication

Personal Letter,

telephone

conversation, or

e-mail

Personal should be cited in the text, parenthetically, and

should not be included in the reference list:

Format

(Named Contact, degree [optional], communication type,

Month dd, yyyy).

Example

(Lloyd Jones, PhD, oral communication, January 12,

2016)

Other

reference

types

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Patent model

Format

#. Inventor A, Inventor B, Inventor C, inventor(s); A-

Corporate, B-Corporate, assignee(s). Title of patent. Patent

code ########. Month ##, ####.

Example

67. Pfeifer A, Muhs A, Pihlgren M, Adolfsson O, Van Leuven F,

inventors; AC Immune S.A, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

assignees. Humanized tau antibody. US patent 9,657,091.

May 23, 2017.

Computer

software with

developer

model

Format

#. Developer A, Developer B, Developer C. Title of Program

[computer software]. Version #.#. City, State

Abbr./Country: Producer Name; ####.

Example

10. Noguera J, Cumby C. SigmaXL [computer software].

Version 8.0. Kitchener, Canada: SigmaXL, Inc; 2017.

Computer

software without

developer model

Format

#. Title of Program [computer software]. Version #.#. City,

State Abbr./Country: Producer Name; ####.

Example

76. SPSS Amos [computer software]. Version 22.0. Armonk,

NY: IBM; 2013.

FORCE11-

compliant

software with

producer location

model

Format

#. Developer AA, Developer BB, Developer CC. Title of the

Software: Subtitle [computer software]. Version #.#. City,

State Abbr./Country: Producer Name|Archive Name; yyyy.

https://URL. Accessed Month dd, yyyy.

Example

3. Hecht K, McKinnon R, Podkowiak T, Roman M, Schmidt J,

Vivier S, et al. Spectrum [computer software]. Version 6.06.

Glastonbury, CT: Avenir Health; 2021.

https://avenirhealth.org/Download/Spectrum/SpecInstall.EX

E. Accessed February 26, 2021.

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FORCE11-

compliant

software without

producer location

(archive) model

Format

#. Developer AA, Developer BB, Developer CC. Title of the

Software: Subtitle [computer software]. Version #.#.

Producer Name|Archive Name; yyyy. https://URL. Accessed

Month dd, yyyy.

Example

22. Short WM. MultiWordNet [computer software]. Version

0.1.3. Python Package Index; 2021.

https://pypi.org/project/multiwordnet/0.1.3/#files. Accessed

February 26, 2021.

Dataset model

Format

#. Researcher A, Researcher B, Researcher C. Title of

dataset: subtitle [dataset]. Name of

Archive/Repository/Database.

http://dx.doi.org/XXXXXXXXXX OR

https://doi.org/XXXXXXXXXX OR https://[non-DOI URL].

Published Month dd, yyyy. Accessed Month dd, yyyy.

Example

3. Wang, G-Y, Zhu Z-M, Cui S, Wang J-H. Data from:

glucocorticoid induces incoordination between glutamatergic

and GABAergic neurons in the amygdala [dataset]. Dryad

Digital Repository. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k9q7h.

Published August 11, 2017. Accessed December 22, 2017.